string(293513) "<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=zC7xTh84" charset="utf-8"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script><script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://husbio.com/news_show/12859.aspx","20220129084801","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1643446081");</script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"><!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>pcr实验原理及步奏_上海户实医药科技有限公司</title><link type="text/css" href="/web/20220129084801cs_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/css/css.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="/web/20220129084801js_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/js/jquery.min.js"></script><script src="/web/20220129084801js_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/js/jquery.flexslider-min.js"></script></head><body> <script src="/web/20220129084801js_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/js/base.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/web/20220129084801js_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/js/menu.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div id="header"> <div class="header"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="logo"> <img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/images/logo.jpg"></div> <div class="header_right"> <div class="header_b"> <div class="header_p">服务热线:<span>021-58958113</span></div> <div class="header_R"> <input class="inp1" type="text" id="keywords" name="keywords" placeholder="输入产品名、CAS号查询"><input class="inp2" type="image" src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/images/sousuo.jpg" onclick="SiteSearch('/search.aspx', '#keywords','products');"><div class="header_nav"> <a class="a1" href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/index.aspx">我的购物车</a> <a class="a2" href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/index.aspx">用户中心</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navBar"> <ul class="nav clearfix"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/index.aspx">首页</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/about.aspx">关于户实</a></li> <li onmouseover="showMenu('1');" onmouseout="hiddMenu('1');"><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products.aspx">产品&amp;服务</a> <ul id="menu1" name="menu1" class="xialaa1"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/23.aspx">ELISA试剂盒</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/24.aspx">抗体抗原</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/25.aspx">生化试剂</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/26.aspx">标准品/对照品</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/68.aspx">纳米PCR试剂盒</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/kycx.aspx">科研创新</a></li> <li onmouseover="showMenu('2');" onmouseout="hiddMenu('2');"><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news.aspx">新闻媒体</a> <ul id="menu2" name="menu2" class="xialaa1"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/30.aspx">行业动态</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/29.aspx">公司新闻</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/partners.aspx">合作伙伴</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/contact.aspx">联系我们</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div><script type="text/javascript"> /*搜索查询*/ function SiteSearch(send_url, divTgs, channel_name) { var strwhere = ""; if (channel_name !== undefined) { strwhere = "&channel_name=" + channel_name } var str = $.trim($(divTgs).val()); if (str.length > 0 && str != "输入关健字") { window.location.href = send_url + "?keyword=" + encodeURI($(divTgs).val()) + strwhere; } return false; }</script><div class="N-banner"> <img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/images/news_banner.jpg"></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function () { $("ul.nav li").eq(4).addClass("on"); }); </script><div id="main"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="main"> <div class="main_left"> <div class="about"> <div class="about_p"> 新闻媒体</div> <div class="about_sp"> NEWS</div> </div> <div class="left"> <div class="div1"> <div class="div2"> <a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/30.aspx">行业动态</a></div> <div class="div2"> <a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/29.aspx">公司新闻</a></div> </div> </div> <!--产品下拉结束--></div> <div class="main_right"> <div class="dqwz_title"> <div class="dqwz_p"> 新闻媒体</div> <div class="dqwz_nav"> 您当前的位置:<a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/index.aspx">首页</a>&gt;<a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news.aspx">新闻媒体</a></div> </div> <div class="dqwz_contect"> <div class="n_info"> <ul><li class="n_title">pcr实验原理及步奏</li> <li class="n_time"><span class="tleft">2019-10-14 14:37:08</span> </li> <li class="n_content"><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>实验方法原理</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>基本原理类似于</span>DNA<span>的天然复制过程,其特异性依赖于与靶序列两端互补的寡核苷酸引物。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">PCR<span>由变性</span><span>--</span><span>退火</span><span>--</span><span>延伸三个基本反应步骤构成:</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①模板<span>DNA</span><span>的变性:模板</span><span>DNA</span><span>经加热至</span><span>94</span><span>℃左右一定时间后,使模板</span><span>DNA</span><span>双链或经</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增形成的双链</span><span>DNA</span><span>解离,使之成为单链,以便它与引物结合,为下轮反应做准备;</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②模板<span>DNA</span><span>与引物的退火</span><span>(</span><span>复性</span><span>)</span><span>:模板</span><span>DNA</span><span>经加热变性成单链后,温度降至</span><span>55</span><span>℃左右,引物与模板</span><span>DNA</span><span>单链的互补序列配对结合;</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③引物的延伸:<span>DNA</span><span>模板</span><span>--</span><span>引物结合物在</span><span>Taq</span><span>酶的作用下,以</span><span>dNTP</span><span>为反应原料,靶序列为模板,按碱基配对与半保留复制原理,合成一条新的与模板</span><span>DNA </span><span>链互补的半保留复制链。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>重复循环变性</span>--<span>退火</span><span>--</span><span>延伸三过程,就可获得更多的“半保留复制链”,而且这种新链又可成为下次循环的模板。每完成一个循环需</span><span>2</span><span>~</span><span>4</span><span>分钟, </span><span>2</span><span>~</span><span>3</span><span>小时就能将待扩目的基因扩增放大几百万倍。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>实验材料</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>模板</span>DNA</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>试剂、试剂盒</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">dNTPTaq DNA<span>聚合酶蒸馏水</span><span>PCR</span><span>缓冲液引物氯化镁</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>仪器、耗材</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">PCR<span>仪移液枪</span><span>PCR</span><span>板薄壁管离心管离心管盒</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>实验步骤</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>一、标准的</span>PCR<span>反应体系</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">10<span>×扩增缓冲液     </span><span>10 ul</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4<span>种</span><span>dNTP</span><span>混合物   各</span><span>200 umol/L</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>引物</span> <span> </span> <span> </span>     <span>各</span>10<span>~</span><span>100 pmol</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>模板</span>DNA <span> </span><span>0.1</span><span>~</span><span>2 ug</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">Taq DNA<span>聚合酶    </span><span>2.5 u</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">Mg2+<span> </span><span>1.5 mmol/L</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>加双或三蒸水至</span> <span> </span>  100 ul</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>二、</span>PCR<span>引物设计</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">PCR<span>反应中有两条引物,即</span><span>5</span><span>′端引物和</span><span>3</span><span>′引物。设计引物时以一条</span><span>DNA</span><span>单链为基准(常以信息链为基准),</span><span>5</span><span>′端引物与位于待扩增片段</span><span>5</span><span>′端上的一小段</span><span>DNA</span><span>序列相同;</span><span>3</span><span>′端引物与位于待扩增片段</span><span>3</span><span>′端的一小段</span><span>DNA</span><span>序列互补。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.   <span>引物设计的基本原则</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)  引物长度:</span><span>15-30 bp</span><span>,常用为</span><span>20 bp</span><span>左右。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>) 引物碱基:</span><span>G+C</span><span>含量以</span><span>40-60%</span><span>为宜,</span><span>G+C</span><span>太少扩增效果不佳,</span><span>G+C </span><span>过多易出现非特异条带。</span><span>ATGC</span><span>最好随机分布,避免</span><span>5</span><span>个以上的嘌呤或嘧啶核苷酸的成串排列。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>3<span>) 引物内部不应出现互补序列。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>4<span>)两个引物之间不应存在互补序列,尤其是避免</span><span>3 </span><span>′端的互补重叠。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>5<span>) 引物与非特异扩增区的序列的同源性不要超过</span><span>70%</span><span>,引物</span><span>3</span><span>′末端连续</span><span>8</span><span>个碱基在待扩增区以外不能有完全互补序列,否则易导致非特异性扩增。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>6<span>)引物</span><span>3</span><span>‘端的碱基,特别是最末及倒数第二个碱基,应严格要求配对,最佳选择是</span><span>G</span><span>和</span><span>C</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>7<span>) 引物的</span><span>5 </span><span>′端可以修饰。如附加限制酶位点,引入突变位点,用生物素、荧光物质、地高辛标记,加入其它短序列,包括起始密码子、终止密码子等。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.   <span>引物设计软件</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">Primer Premier5.0 <span>(自动搜索)</span><span>*</span><span>、</span><span>Oligo6 </span><span>(引物评价)、</span><span>Vector NTI Suit</span><span>、</span><span>DNAsis</span><span>、</span><span>Omiga</span><span>、</span><span>DNAstar</span><span>、</span><span>Primer3 </span><span>(在线服务)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>三、模板的制备</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)</span><span>PCR</span><span>的模板可以是</span><span>DNA</span><span>,也可以是</span><span>RNA</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>)模板的取材主要依据</span><span>PCR</span><span>的扩增对象,可以是病原体标本如病毒、细菌、真菌等。也可以是病理生理标本如细胞、血液、羊水细胞等。法医学标本有血斑、精斑、毛发等。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>3<span>)标本处理的基本要求是除去杂质,并部分纯化标本中的核酸。多数样品需要经过</span><span>SDS</span><span>和蛋白酶</span><span>K</span><span>处理。难以破碎的细菌,可用溶菌酶加</span><span>EDTA</span><span>处理。所得到的粗制</span><span>DNA</span><span>,经酚、氯仿抽提纯化,再用乙醇沉淀后用作</span><span>PCR</span><span>反应模板。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>四、</span>PCR<span>反应条件的控制</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  PCR<span>反应的缓冲液提供合适的酸碱度与某些离子 。 </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>镁离子浓度总量应比</span><span>dNTPs</span><span>的浓度高,常用</span><span>1.5 mmol/L</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>底物浓度</span><span>dNTP</span><span>以等摩尔浓度配制,</span><span>20</span><span>~</span><span>200 umol/L</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4.  TaqDNA<span>聚合酶</span><span>2.5U(100 ul</span><span>)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">5.  <span>引物 浓度一般为</span><span>0.1 </span><span>~</span><span>0.5 umol/L</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span> </span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">6.  <span>反应温度</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)变性温度和时间</span><span>95</span><span>℃,</span><span>30 s</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>)退火温度和时间 低于引物</span><span>Tm</span><span>值</span><span>5 </span><span>℃左右,一般在</span><span>45</span><span>~</span><span>55</span><span>℃。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>3<span>)延伸温度和时间</span><span>72</span><span>℃,</span><span>1 min/kb(10 kb</span><span>内)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>4<span>)</span><span>Tm</span><span>值</span><span>=4(G+C) +2(A+T)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">7.  <span>循环次数 :一般为</span><span>25 </span><span>~</span><span>30</span><span>次。循环数决定</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增的产量。模板初始浓度低,可增加循环数以便达到有效的 扩增量。但循环数并不是可以无限增加的。一般循环数为</span><span>30</span><span>个左右,循环数超过</span><span>30</span><span>个以后,</span><span>DNA</span><span>聚合酶活性逐渐达到饱和,产物的量不再随循环数的增加而增加,出现了所谓的“平台期”。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>五、</span>PCR<span>的循环参数</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  <span>预变性(</span><span>Initial denaturation</span><span>)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>模板</span>DNA<span>完全变性与</span><span>PCR</span><span>酶的完全激活对</span><span>PCR</span><span>能否成功至关重要,建议加热时间参考试剂说明书,一般未修饰的</span><span>Taq</span><span>酶激活时间为两分钟。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>循环中的变性步骤</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>循环中一般</span>95<span>℃,</span><span>30</span><span>秒足以使各种靶</span><span>DNA</span><span>序列完全变性,可能的情况下可 缩短该步骤时间,变性时间过长损害酶活性,过短靶序列变性不彻底,易造成扩增失败。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>引物退火(</span><span>Primer annealing</span><span>)</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>退火温度需要从多方面去决定,一般根据引物的</span>Tm<span>值为参考,根据扩增的长度适当下调作为退火温度。然后在此次实验基础上做出预估。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>退火温度对</span>PCR<span>的特异性有较大影响。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4.  <span>引物延伸</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>引物延伸一般在</span>72<span>℃进行(</span><span>Taq</span><span>酶最适温度)。但在扩增长度较短且退火温度较高时,本步骤可省略</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>延伸时间随扩增片段长短而定,一般推荐在</span>1000 bp<span>以上,含</span><span>Pfu</span><span>及其衍生物的衍生设定为</span><span>1 min/kbp</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">5.  <span>循环数</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>大多数</span>PCR<span>含</span><span>25-40</span><span>循环,过多易产生非特异扩增。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">6.  <span>最后延伸</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>在最后一个循环后,反应在</span>72<span>℃维持</span><span>5-15</span><span>分钟.使引物延伸完全,并使单链产物退火成双链。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>六、</span>PCR<span>步骤</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  DNA<span>变性</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>90<span>℃</span><span>-96</span><span>℃):双链</span><span>DNA</span><span>模板在热作用下, 氢键断裂,形成单链</span><span>DNA</span><span>。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>退火</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>25<span>℃</span><span>-65</span><span>℃):系统温度降低,引物与</span><span>DNA</span><span>模板结合,形成局部双链。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>延伸</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>70<span>℃</span><span>-75</span><span>℃):在</span><span>Taq</span><span>酶(在</span><span>72</span><span>℃左右,活性最佳)的作用下,以</span><span>dNTP</span><span>为原料,从引物的</span><span>5</span><span>′端→</span><span>3</span><span>′端延伸,合成与模板互补的</span><span>DNA</span><span>链。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>七、</span>PCR<span>检测</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">PCR<span>反应扩增出了高的拷贝数,下一步检测就成了关键。荧光素(溴化乙锭,</span><span>EB</span><span>)染色凝胶电泳是最常用的检测手段。电泳法检测特异性是不太高的,因此引物两聚体等非特异性的杂交体很容易引起误判。但因为其简捷易行,成为了主流检测方法。近年来以荧光探针为代表的检测方法,有逐渐取代电泳法的趋势。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>展开</span> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>注意事项</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  <span>由于</span><span>PCR</span><span>反应灵敏度很高,因此要特别主意防止</span><span>DNA</span><span>污染的发生。样品间的相互污染可能产生假阳性结果,特别是将</span><span>PCR</span><span>技术应用到临床病原菌感染确定中。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>如果是公用的、没有密码保护的</span><span>PCR</span><span>仪,经常检查</span><span>PCR</span><span>仪上的程序正确与否。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>不使用过量试剂“</span><span>less is usually better </span><span>(</span><span>more specific</span><span>)”。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4.  <span>试剂购回后应分装成小份使用,这样一旦有污染发生,可以立即丢弃污染的试剂,不会造成大的损失;试剂分装也有助于减少反复冻融次数(例如</span><span>dNTPs</span><span>对反复冻融敏感)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">5.  <span>加完所有试剂后用枪头吹打几次或稍微涡旋或轻弹管壁以保证充分混匀。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">6.  <span>使用阴性对照检查污染的发生。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">7.  <span>使用阳性对照(能良好扩增的样本)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">8.  <span>电泳时使用</span><span>DNA</span><span>分子量标准品(指示是否</span><span>PCR</span><span>失败或条带跑出凝胶或拍照系统失败)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">9.  <span>当扩增很长的、</span><span>GC</span><span>含量高的模板时或容易产生二级结构的模板时适量使用添加剂(</span><span>glycerol, formamide, NMP</span><span>使变性和退火温度降低几度;</span><span>glycerol</span><span>也可起到稳定聚合酶活性的作用;</span><span>DMSO </span><span>减少二级结构的发生,并通过减弱非特异性引物结合的稳定性,提高反应的特异性)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">10.  <span>不使用带有自动除霜功能的冰箱存储酶(避免反复冻融),每次取酶时都使用新的枪头酶,酶使用后应立即放回冰箱。酶要在加完缓冲液后再加,直接将酶加入水中可能导致酶变性失活。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">11.   PCR<span>产物的电泳检测时间,一般为</span><span>48 h</span><span>以内,有些最好于当日电泳检测,大于</span><span>48h</span><span>后带型不规则甚致消失。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>收起</span> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>其他</span></span><span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>一、</span>  PCR<span>反应的关键环节</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  <span>模板核酸的制备。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>引物的质量与特异性。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>酶的质量。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4.  PCR<span>循环条件。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>二、</span> PCR<span>常见问题及对策</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">1.  <span>假阴性,不出现扩增条带</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)模板原因</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  模板中含有杂蛋白质。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  模板中含有<span>Taq</span><span>酶抑制剂。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  模板中蛋白质没有消 化除净,特别是染色体中的组蛋白。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">④  在提取制备模板时丢失过多,或吸入酚。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">⑤  模板核酸变性不彻底。在酶和引物质量好时,不出现扩增带,极有可能是标本的消化处 理,模板核酸提取过程出了毛病,因而要配制有效而稳定的消化处理液,其程序亦应固定不宜随意更改。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>)酶失活</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  需更换新酶,或新旧两种酶同时使用,以分析是否因酶的活性丧失或不够而 导致假阴性。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  忘加<span>Taq</span><span>酶或溴乙锭。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>3<span>)引物</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  引物质量。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  引物的浓度。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  两条引物的浓度是否对称。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>解决对策:</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  选定一个好的引物合成单位。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  引物的浓度不仅要看<span>OD</span><span>值,更要注重引物原液做琼脂糖凝胶电泳,一定要有引物条带出现,而且两引物带的亮度应大体一致,如一条引物有条带,一条引物无条带,此时做</span><span>PCR</span><span>有可能失败,应和引物合成单位协商解决。如一条引物亮度高,一条亮度低,在稀释引物时要平衡其浓度。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  引物应高浓度小量分装保存,防止多次冻融或长期放冰箱冷藏部分,导致引物变质降解失效。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">④  引物设计不合理,如引物长度不够,引物之间形成二聚体等。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>4<span>)</span><span>Mg2+</span><span>浓度</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  浓度过高降低<span>PCR</span><span>扩增的特异性。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  浓度过低影响<span>PCR</span><span>扩增产量甚至使</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增失败而不出扩增条带。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>5<span>)反应体积的改变</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  通常进行<span>PCR</span><span>扩增采用的体积为</span><span>20 ul</span><span>、</span><span>30 ul</span><span>、</span><span>50 ul</span><span>或</span><span>100 ul</span><span>,应用多大体积进行</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增,是根据科研和临床检测不同目的而设定</span><span>;</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  在做小体积如<span>20 ul </span><span>后,再做大体积时,一定要模索条件,否则容易失败。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>6<span>)物理原因</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  变性对<span>PCR</span><span>扩增来说相当重要,如变性温度低,变性时间短,极有可能出现假阴性。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  退火温度过低,可致非特异性扩增而降低特异性扩增效率;退火温度过高影响引物与模板的结合而降低<span>PCR</span><span>扩增效率。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  扩增仪或水溶锅内的变性、退火和延伸温度有问题。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>7<span>)靶序列变异</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  靶序列发生突变或缺失,影响引物与模板特异性结合。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  靶序列某段缺失使引物与模板失去互补序列。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">2.  <span>假阳性,出现的</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增条带与目的靶序列条带一致,有时其条带更整齐,亮度更高。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)引物设计不合适</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  选择的扩增序列与非目的扩增序列有同源性。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  靶序列太短或引物太短。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>)靶序列或扩增产物的交叉污染</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  整个基因组或大片段的交叉污染。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>解决方案:操作时应小心轻柔,防止将靶序列吸入加样枪内或溅出离心管外。除酶及不能耐高温的物质外,所有试剂或器材均应高压消毒。所用离心管及样进枪头等均应一次性使用。必要时,在加标本前,反应管和试剂用紫外线照射,以破坏存在的核酸。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  空气中的小片段核酸污染,这些小片段比靶序列短,但有一定的同源性。可互相拼接,与引物互补后,可扩增出<span>PCR</span><span>产物,而导致假阳性的产生。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>解决方案:可用巢式</span>PCR<span>方法来减轻或消除。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">3.  <span>出现非特异性扩增:</span><span>PCR</span><span>扩增后出现的条带与预计的大小不一致,或大或小,或者同时出现特异性扩增带与非特异性扩增带。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)  引物与靶序列不完全互补或引物聚合形成二聚体。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>) </span><span>Mg2+</span><span>离子浓度过高。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>3<span>) 退火温度过低。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>4<span>) </span><span>PCR</span><span>循环次数 过多有关。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>5<span>) 酶的质和量,往往一些来源的酶易出现非特异条带而另一来源的酶则不出现,酶量过多有时也会出现非特异性扩增。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>其对策有:必要时重新设计引</span> <span>物。减低酶量或调换另一来源的酶。降低引物量,适当增加模板量,减少循环次</span> <span>数。适当提高退火温度或采用二温度点法(</span>93<span>℃变性,</span><span>65</span><span>℃左右退火与延伸)。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">4.  <span>出现片状拖带或涂抹带</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>1<span>)原因</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">①  酶量过多。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  酶的质量差。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  <span>dNTP</span><span>浓度过高。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">④  <span>Mg2+</span><span>浓度过高。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">⑤  退火温度过低。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">⑥  循环次数过多引起。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"><span>(</span>2<span>)对策</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">① 减少酶量。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">②  调换另一来源的酶。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">③  减少<span>dNTP</span><span>的浓度。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">④  适当降低<span>Mg2+</span><span>浓度。</span></span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">⑤  增加模板量。</span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;"> </span></p><p> <span style="font-family:宋体;font-size:10.5pt;">⑥  减少循环次数。</span></p></li> <li class="n_back"><a href="javascript:history.go(-1);">返回列表</a> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="foot"> <div class="foot"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="foot_left"> <div class="foot_b"> <div class="foot_p"> 产品&amp;服务</div> <ul class="foot_ul"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/23.aspx">ELISA试剂盒</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/24.aspx">抗体抗原</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/25.aspx">生化试剂</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/26.aspx">标准品/对照品</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products/68.aspx">纳米PCR试剂盒</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="foot_b"> <div class="foot_p"> 新闻媒体</div> <ul class="foot_ul"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/30.aspx">行业动态</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news/29.aspx">公司新闻</a></li> </ul></div> <ul class="foot_ul1"><li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/about.aspx">关于户实</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/products.aspx">产品&amp;服务</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/kycx.aspx">科研创新</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/news.aspx">新闻媒体</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/partners.aspx">合作伙伴</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220129084801/http://husbio.com/contact.aspx">联系我们</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="foot_right"> <div class="foot_logo"> <img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/images/foot_logo.jpg"></div> <div class="foot_dianhua"> 联系电话:<span>18916004157</span></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="foot_txt"> <div class="wrap"> 上海户实医药科技有限公司版权所有 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129084801/https://beian.miit.gov.cn/" target="_blank">沪ICP备15045113号-1</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129084801/http://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=31011502005588" style="display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;height:20px;line-height:20px;"> <img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/news_show/templates/demo/images/bottmo_1.png" style="float:left;"><span style="color:#ffffff;">沪公网安备 31011502005588号</span> </a></div> </div></div> <style>*{margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;}a,img{border:0;}/* side */.side{position:fixed;width:54px;height:221px;right:0;top:214px;z-index:100;}.side ul li{width:54px;height:54px;float:left;position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd; overflow:visible;}.side ul li .sidebox{position:absolute;width:54px;height:54px;top:0;right:0;transition:all 0.2s;background:#468fc8;opacity:1;filter:Alpha(opacity=80);color:#fff;font:14px/54px "微软雅黑";overflow:hidden;}.side ul li .sidebox img{float:right;}.side ul li .sidebox1{position:absolute;width:54px;height:54px;top:0;right:0;transition:all 0s;background:#459f1f;opacity:1;filter:Alpha(opacity=80);color:#fff;font:14px/54px "微软雅黑";}.side ul li .sidebox1 img{float:right;}.side ul li .sidebox1 span{float:left; height:110px;}.side ul li .sidebox1 span img{float:left; height:110px;}.side ul li .sidebox2{position:absolute;width:54px;height:54px;top:0;right:0;transition:all 0.2s;background:#f37108;opacity:1;filter:Alpha(opacity=80);color:#fff;font:14px/54px "微软雅黑";overflow:hidden;}.side ul li .sidebox2 img{float:right;}.side ul li .sidetop{width:54px;height:54px;line-height:54px;display:inline-block;background:#333;opacity:1;filter:Alpha(opacity=80);transition:all 0.3s;}.side ul li .sidetop:hover{background:#333;opacity:1;filter:Alpha(opacity=100);}</style><!-- 代码部分begin --><div class="side"> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129084801/http://wpa.qq.com/msgrd?v=6&amp;uin=869248822&amp;site=qq&amp;menu=yes" target="_blank"><div class="sidebox"><img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/inc/qq/1.png">  点击在线沟通</div></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(0);"><div class="sidebox1"><img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/inc/qq/2.png"><span><img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/inc/qq/5.png" height="110"></span></div></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:void(0);"><div class="sidebox2"><img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/inc/qq/3.png">  021-58958113</div></a></li> <li style="border:none;"><a href="javascript:goTop();" class="sidetop"><img src="/web/20220129084801im_/http://husbio.com/templates/demo/inc/qq/4.png"></a></li> </ul></div><script>$(function(){ $(".side ul li").hover(function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox").stop().animate({"width":"164px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#589acd"}) },function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox").stop().animate({"width":"54px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#589acd"}) });});$(function(){ $(".side ul li").hover(function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox1").stop().animate({"width":"164px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#459f1f"}) },function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox1").stop().animate({"width":"54px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#459f1f"}) });});$(function(){ $(".side ul li").hover(function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox2").stop().animate({"width":"164px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#f37108"}) },function(){ $(this).find(".sidebox2").stop().animate({"width":"54px"},0).css({"opacity":"1","filter":"Alpha(opacity=100)","background":"#f37108"}) });});//回到顶部函数function goTop(){ $('html,body').animate({'scrollTop':0},300);}</script><!-- 代码部分end --></body></html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 08:48:01 Jan 29, 2022 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 22:52:36 May 21, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)).--><!--playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.473 exclusion.robots: 0.022 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.013 esindex: 0.009 cdx.remote: 18.721 LoadShardBlock: 135.575 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 77.011 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 130.97 (2) load_resource: 170.95-->"